Pelvic Floor Bibliography
Elizabeth Noble
Abrams P et al. Urodynamics. New York: Springer Verlag 1983.
__________ Blavais JG Stanton SL and Andersen JT (1998). 'Standardization of the lower urmary tract function Neurourology and Urodynamics 7 403.
Aitchison M et al. Is the treatment of urgency incontinence a placebo response? Results of a five year follow-up. Brit J Urol 64 (5): 478 5 November 1989.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Urinary Incontinence. #100 January 1987.
Allen RE. & D. Warrell. The role of pregnancy and childbirth in partial denervation of the pelvic floor. Neurourol Urodyn 6:183-184 1987.
____________et al. The role of pregnancy and childbirth in partial denervation of the pelvic floor—an update. Neurourol Urodyn 7: 237-239 1988.
___________________ Pelvic floor damage and childbirth: a neurophysiological study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990 Sep 97(9):770-9
Andersen JT et al. Lower urinary tract rehabilitation techniques: Seventh report on the standardization of terminology of the lower urinary tract function. Neurourology and Urodynamics 11:593-603 1992.
Anderson RA neurogenic element to urinary genuine stress incontinence. Br JOG 91:41 1985.
Arona AJ et al. Early secondary repair of third- and fourth-degree perineal lacerations after outpatient wound preparation. Obstet Gynecol 86(294-296): Aug 1995.
Avery MD et al. Effect of perineal massage on the incidence of episiotomy and perineal laceration in a nurse-midwifery service. J Nurs Midwife 3 (3):128 May-June 1986.
Baden W & T. Walker. Physical diagnosis in evaluation of vaginal relaxation. Clin Obstet Gynecol 15:1044 1972.
Ball L et al. Stroke and incontinence. J Assoc Chartered Physios Women’s Health. 81: 25 August 1997.
Ball TP Jr et al. E Promoting continence: pelvic power. Community Outlook Sep 10:33-34 1986.
Barretty JA et al. Physiotherapy for stress urinary incontinence. Br Med J 6786 (18 May) p.1208. 1991
Bates P et al. The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function. J Urology 121: 551-554 1979.
Bayliss V. Female incontinence: the Basingstoke project. JRSH 6:207 1988.
Beck KP. and N.Hsu. Pregnancy childbirth and the menopause related to the development of stress incontinence. AJOG 91:820-823 1965.
Bent A & D. Ostergaard. Why women are prone to incontinence. Contemporary Ob/Gyn 1: 83 1984.
Benvenuti F et al. Reeducative treatment of female genuine stress incontinence. Am J Phys Med. 66 (4): 155-168 1987.
Berglund AL Lalos O. The pre- and postsurgical nursing of women with stress incontinence. Journal of Advanced Nursing 23 (3) 502 March 1996.
Bergman A & Bhata N. Pessary test: simple prognostic test in women with stress urinary incontinence. Urology 24:(1):109 July 1984.
Bernstein I et al. The search for estrogen receptors in the human levator ani muscles.Neurourology and Urodynamics 14 (5): 521 1995.
_________et al. Comparison of three different surgical procedures for genuine stress incontinence: prospective randomized study. AJOG 160 Part 1 May 1989.
Bhata NN. and A.Bergman. Urodynamic appraisal of vaginal vs. rectal pressure recordings as indication of intra-abdominal pressure changes.Urology 27 (5):482 May 1986.
_________ Effect of estrogen on urethral function in women with urinary incontinence. AJOG 160 (1):176 Jan 1989.
Binne N.R et al. The importance of the orientation of the electrode plates in recording the external anal sphincter EMG by non-invasive anal plug electrodes. Int. J Colorectal Disease 6 (5): 8-11 1991.
Black NA et al. Impact of surgery for stress incontinence on the social lives of women. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 105 (6) 605 (June 1998)
Bø Kari et al. Effects of two different degrees of pelvic floor muscle exercises. J Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in OB-GYN. 69 Summer 1991.
_________ Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise for the Treatment of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence. PhD Thesis. Norwegian University of Sport & Physical Education. December 1989.
_________ Pelvic floor muscle exercise for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence. Summary of doctoral thesis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 70:637-639 1991.
__________et al. Vaginal weight cones. Theoretical framework effect on pelvic floor muscle strength and female stress urinary incontinence. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 74 (2):87 February 1995.
__________et al. Clinical and urodynamic assessment of nulliparous young women with and without stress incontinence symptoms: A case-control study. Obstet Gynecol 84 (6): 1028 Dec. 1994.
__________Talseth T. Long-term effect of pelvic floor muscle exercise 5 years after cessation of organised training. Obstetrics and Gynecology 87 (1)261 (January 1996)
______________ Stein R. Needle EMG registration of striated urethral wall and pelvic floor muscle activity patterns during cough valsalva abdominal hip adductor and gluteal muscle contractions in nulliparous healthy females. Neurology and Urodynamics. 13:35 1994.
_______________ (1995). Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence: An Exercise Physiology Perspective. International Urogynecology Journal 6 282-29 1.
____________Pressure Measurements during pelvic floor muscle contractions: The effect of different positions of the vaginal measuring device. Neurourology & Urodynamics 11:107-113 1992.
______________et al. Pelvic floor muscle exercise for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: 1 Reliability of vaginal pressure measurements of pelvic floor muscle strength. Neurourology & Urodynamics 9:471-477 1990.
______________et al. II Validity of vaginal pressure measurements of pelvic floor muscle strength and the necessity of supplementary methods for control of correct contraction. Neurol & Urodynamics 9:479-487 1990.
______________III Effects of two different degrees of pelvic floor muscle exercises. Neurourology & Urodynamics 9:489-502 1990.
_____________Female stress urinary incontinence and participation in different sports and social activities. Scand. J. Sports Sci 11 (3): 117-121 1989.
_____________Prevalence of stress urinary incontinence among physically active and sedentary female students. Scand. J. Sports Sci 11(3): 113-116 1989.
_____________Knowledge about and ability to correct pelvic floor muscle exercises in women with urinary stress incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn 7(3):261-262 1988.
Borenstein R et al. The importance of the endopelvic fascia repair during vaginal hysterectomy. Obstet and Gynecol Survey 48(6): 420 June 1993.
Bozier K. Continence: part of the problem. Nursing Times 88:13:84-86 1992.
Brink C. Assessing the problem. Geriat Nurs 241-245 Nov-December 1980.
_________A digital test for pelvic muscle strength in older women with urinary incontinence. Nurs Res 38: 196 1989.
Britton Bryce. The Love Muscle: Everywoman’s Guide to Intensifying Sexual Pleasure. New York: NAL 1982.
Brocklehurst JC. Management of anal incontinence. Clin Gastroenterol 4: 479-87 1975.
_______________Urinary incontinence in the community—Analysis of a MORI poll. British Med J 306:832-4 1993.
Brieger GM et al. The prevalence of urinary dysfunction in Hong Kong Chinese women. Obstetrics and Gynaecology 88 (6) 104 December 1996.
Brook G et al. Continence and the patient with multiple sclerosis. J Assoc Chartered Physios Women’s Health. 82: 19-24 February 1998.
Brown JS. Seeley DG Fong J et al. Urinary Incontinence in older women: Who is at risk? Obstetrics and Gynecology 87:5 part 1: p. 715. May 1996.
Brubaker L. and R. Kotarinos. Kegel or cut?: Variations on his theme. J Repro Med 38(9): 672 September 1993.
Brumfitt W et al. The mysterious "urethral syndrome." Br Med J. 303: 6793 (6): 1592 1991.
Buekens P et al. Episiotomy and third degree tears. Brit J Obstet Gynaecol 92: 820-23 August 1985.
Bump RC Hurt WG et al. The Continence Program for Women Research Group. The standardization of terminology of female pelvic organ prolapse and pelvic floor dysfunction. AJOG 175: 2 326. August 1996.
_________ Racial comparisons and contrasts in urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 81: 421 1993.
_________et al. The mechanism of urinary continence in women with severe uterovaginal prolapse:bresults of barrier studies. Obstet Gynaecol 72 (1) part 1:291 September 1988.
_________Dynamic urethral pressure/profilometry pressure transmission ratio determinations in stress incontinent and stress continent subjects. AJOG 159: 749 September 1988.
_________ et al. Assessment of Kegel pelvic muscle exercise performance after brief verbal instruction. AJOG 165 (2):322-329 August 1991.
Burgio KL et al. Urinary incontinence during pregnancy in a racially mixed sample: characteristics and predisposing factors.Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1996;7(2):69-73
___________ Urinary incontinence in the elderly: bladder-sphincter biofeedback and toileting skills training. Ann Internal Med l04:507-l5 1985.
_____________Biofeedback assisted behavioral training for elderly men and women. JAGS.;38:338-340. 1990
____________The role of biofeedback in Kegel exercise training for stress urinary incontinence. AJOG l54 (1) :58-64 1986.
___________Staying Dry: A Practical Guide to Bladder Control. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1989.
___________Urinary incontinence in the elderly. Ann Int Med 104: 507-515 1985.
___________Behavior therapies for urinary incontinence in the elderly. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 2 (4): 809-827 November 1986.
Burns PA et al. Kegel's exercises with biofeedback therapy for treatment of stress incontinence. Nurse Practit 28-35 February 1985.
___________A comparison of effectiveness of biofeedback and pelvic muscle exercise treatment of stress incontinence in older community-dwelling women. J Gerontol 188:48 (4) M167-174 July 1993.
____________Treatment of stress incontinence with pelvic floor exercises and biofeedback. JAGS 38: 341-344 1990.
Bushnell LF. Physiological prevention of postpartum relaxation of the genital muscles. West J Surg Obstet Gynec 58: 66-67 1959.
_________Physiological prevention of postpartum relaxation of the genital muscles. West J Surg Obstet Gynec 58: 66-67 1959.
Brubaker L Benson JT Bent A Clark A Shott S Transvaginal electrical stimulation for female urinarv incontinence. AJOG 177(3): 536 September 1997.
Buzelin JM. Treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women. Presse Med. 1995 Oct 28;24(32):1499-500. French.
Byrne P etal. Physiotherapy for stress incontinence of urine. Br Med J 6784: 1084 4 May 1991.
Cammu H & M. Nylen. Pelvic floor muscle exercises: 5 years later. Urology 45 (1) 113-117 January 1995.
Caputo R.M et al. Intravaginal maximal electrical stimulation in the treatment of urinary incontinence. J Repro Med 38(9): 667 September 1993.
Cardozo LD et al. Biofeedback in the treatment of detrusor instability. Brit J Urol 50:250-54 1978.
___________Genuine stress incontinence and detrusor instability—a review of 200 patients. Br J Obstet Gynec 87:184-190 March 1980.
____________Detusor instability: current management. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 97 (6): 463 1990.
____________Detrusor instability following surgery for genuine stress incontinence. Brit J Urol 51: 204-7 1979.
Castleden C.M et al. The effect of physiotherapy on stress incontinence. Age and Ageing 13:23-237 1984.
Chalker R.and KE. Whitmore. Overcoming Bladder Disorders. New York: Harper Collins 1989.
Chantraine A et al. Motor conduction velocity in the internal pudendal nerves. New Developments in Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology 2: 431-438 1973.
Chiarelli PE et al. Physiotherapy for the pelvic floor. Aust J Physiotherapy 27 (4): l03-l08 198l.
__________ Incontinence and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction. Women's Health through Lifestages ed. M. Collins. Australian Physiotherapy Association P.O. Box 119 Concord NSW 2137 Australia 1987.
__________Incontinence: the pelvic floor function. Australian Fam Physician 18 (8) August 1989.
__________Women's Waterworks: Curing Incontinence. Health Books Khera Publications Ltd 3026 139th Ave SE Snohomisah WA 9829 1990.
-------------__________Let’s Get Things Moving. Health Books: Overcoming Constipation Khera Publications Ltd 3026 139th Ave SE Snohomisah WA 98291 1992.
__________ et al. Promoting urinary continence in women after delivery: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2002 May 25;324(7348):1241.
Chin YK and S.L. Stanton. A follow up of silastic sling for genuine stress incontinence. Brit J Obstet Gynecol 102 (2):143 February 1995.
Clarke A & J. Romm. Effect of urinary incontinence on sexual activity in women. J Repro Med 38(9): 679 September 1993.
Cogan R. The unkindest cut. Contemporary OB-GYN 9 1977.
Consensus Development Panel on Urinary Incontinence Proceedings. National Library of Medicine Office of Medical Applications and Research. NIH Building 1 room 260 Bethesda MD 20892. 1996.
Continence Supplement Nursing Times 94 (6) 11 February 1998 94 (15) (15 April 1998)
Constantinople N. Urologic disorders after forty. Am Fam Practit 30 (5):101 November 1984.
Corcos J et al. Urinary and fecal incontinence: the use of EMG Biofeedback for training pelvic floor musculature. EMG: Applications in Physical Therapy Thought Technology Inc.
Continence supplement Nursing Times. 93 (15) 67-9 April 1997
Crawford LA et al. Incontinence following rupture of the anal sphincter during delivery. Obstet Gynecol 82 (4): 527 October 1993.
Critchely HOD et al. Comparative study of the periurethral and perianal parts of the human levator ani muscle. Urol Int 35:226-232 1980.
Cruikshank SH Kovac SR The functional anatomy of the urethra: Role of the pubourethral ligaments AJOG 176 (6) June 1997
Cundiff GW et al.Clinical predictors of urinary incontinence in women. AJOG177 (2): 262 August 1997

_______________et al. Stress urinary incontinence: a pervasive problem among health women. J Wom Health 1 (4) 1992.
------Cutner A Cardozo LD. The association between pregnancy and abnormal detrusor activity. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 16 : 3: 143 May 1996.
Davies JA. Use of a visual analogue scale in the diagnosis of urinary incontinence. Br Med J 293:365-366 1986.
Deger R Menzin A. The vaginal pessary: past and present. Postgrad Obst & Gyn. 13:1-7 1993
DeLancey JOL. Stress Urinary Incontinence: Where Should We Go? AJOG 175: 311-319 Aug 1996.
_____________Childbirth continence and the pelvic floor. N Eng J Med 329 (26): 1905-1957 Dec 1993.
_____________Structural aspects of the extrinsic continence mechanism. Obstet Gynaecol 72 (1) part 1:296 September 1988.
_____________Anatomy & embryology of the lower urinary tract. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 16 (4) 1989.
____________Anatomy of the extrinsic continence mechanism. Proc International Continence Soc (Boston) 22-24 1986.
____________Anatomic differences betwen the pubourethral and pubovesical ligaments. Proc International Continence Soc (Boston) 19-21 1986.
____________ Corrective study of paraurethral anatomy. Obstet Gynecol 68:91-9 1986.
_____________Anatomy and mechanics of structures around the vesical neck: how vesical neck position might affect its closure. Neurourol Urodyn 7(3):155-160 1988.
Dimpfl T Hesse U Schussler B Incidence and cause of postpartum urinary stress incontinence. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1992 Jan 9;43(1):29-33
Diokno A et al. The Michigan MESA project. J Urol November 1986.
_________ Practical approach to management of urinary incontinence in elderly. Geratrics 38 (5):69 May 1983.
Dolman M et al. Incontinence and childbirth: understanding the link. Prof Care Mother Child 7:208 1992.
Donnelly V et al Obstetric events leading to anal sphincter damage.Obstet Gynecol. 1998 Dec;92(6):955-58
Dougherty M et al. An instrument to assess the dynamic characteristics of the circumvaginal musculature. Nurs Res 3 (4):202 July-August 1986.
___________ The effect of exercise on the circumvaginal muscles in postpartum women. J Nurse Midwif 34 (1):202 July-August 1986.
_____________et al. Graded pelvic floor muscle exercise: Effect on stress urinary incontinence. J Repro Med 38(9): 684 September 1993.
_________________Variation in intravaginal pressure measurements. Nurs Res 40: 282 1991.
Drew S. A short-term biofeedback strategy for treating bladder incontinence in outpatient females. Paper presented at Biofeedback Society of California Berkeley CA 1990.
Drife JO et al eds. Micturition. London: Springer-Verlag 1990.
Dwyer P. Female urinary incontinence. Aust Fam Phys 18 (5):937-947 August 1989.
Elia G and A Bergman. Pelvic Muscle exercises: when do they work Obstetrics and Gynecology 81: 283 1993.
_____________________Estrogen effects on the urethra: beneficial effects in women with genuine stress incontinence. Obstet Gynecol Surv 48(7): 509 July 1993.
Eliasson K, Nordlander I, Larson B, Hammarstrom M, Mattsson E.
Influence of physical activity on urinary leakage in primiparous women. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2005 Apr;15(2):87-94.

Emery Y. Descos L. Meunier P. Louis D. Valancogne G. Weil G Terminal constipation caused by abdominopelvic asynchrony: analysis of etiological clinical manometric data and therapeutic results after rehabilitation by biofeedback]. [French) Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique. 12(1):6-11 Jan.1988.
Endsley LG et al. Treatment of urinary incontinence in women using an intravaginal tarsette. J Urology 114: 5-5 July 1975.
Fantal A. Urinary incontinence due to detrusor instability. Clin Obstet Gynec. 27 (2): 474-489 June 1984.
__________ Urinary incontinence due to unconscious abdominal contractions. Am J Obstet Gynec 147 (2):137-140 September 1983.
Fantl JA Urinary Incontinence and use of bladder training. Menopausal Medicine. 5 (4):8-11 Winter 1997.
________et al. Efficacy of bladder training in older women with urinary incontinence. JAMA 265 (5) : 609-613 1991.
________Urinary incontinence in community dwelling: clinical urodynamic and severe characteristics. Am J Obstet Gynecol 162(4:): 946 1990.
Fatton B et al Pelvic and perineal sequelae of delivery. Rev Prat. 1999 Jan 15;49(2):160-6
Federation of Feminist Women's Health Centers. A New View of a Woman's Body. New York NY:Simon and Schuster 1981
Ferguson KL et al. Stress urinary incontinence: effect of pelvic muscle exercises. Obstet Gynecol 5 (4): 671-675 April 1990.
___________ Stress urinary incontinence: effect of pelvic muscle exercise. Obstet. Gynecol. 75:671-75. 1990.
Fergusson IL. Major common problems: genital prolapse. Br J Hosp Med. 1981 Jul;26(1):67-72.
Fischer W. Physiotherapuetic aspects of urine incontinence. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 62: 579-583 1983.
__________ Baessler K Linde A. Pelvic floor conditioning with vaginal weights-postpartum and in urinary incontinence. Zentralbl Gynakol 1996;118(1):18-28
Fischer W, Baessler K. Postpartum pelvic floor conditioning using vaginal cones: not only for prophylaxis against urinary incontinence and descensus.Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 1996;7(4):208-14.
Fitzpatrick CC Elkins TE DeLancey JOL. Postoperative catheterisation urinary retention and permanent dysfunction after polytetrafluoroethylene suburethral sling placement Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 87 no 1: 50 January 1996.
Fitzpatrick M, O'Herlihy C. The effects of labour and delivery on the pelvic floor. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2001 Feb;15(1):63-79.
Foster David. Urinary Incontinence in Women:The Sexual Perspective. Med Aspects Hun Sexual. Aug 1991.
___________Urethral pressure variation in women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome. American J Obstet Gynecol 169 (1): 107 July 1993.
Fowler CJ. Bladder symptoms and their management in multiple sclerosis. J Assoc Chartered Physios Women’s Health 82: 21-24 August 1997.
Frahm J. Strengthening the pelvic floor. Clinical Management 5(3): 30-3 1985.
Franchi M, Ciolli P, Greco E, Pisera A, Russo R. The role of antenatal courses in preventing the onset of altered pelvic statics and urinary incontinence. Minerva Ginecol. 1999 Apr;51(4):135-8. Italian
Francis W. Disturbances of bladder function in relation to pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Brit Emp 67: 353-366.
__________The onset of stress incontinence. J Obstet Gynecol Brit Emp 67: 899-903 1960.
Frewen WK An objective assessment of unstable bladder of psychosomatic origin. Brit J Urol 50: 246-249 1978.
___________Management of urgency and frequency of micturition. Br J Urol 52:367-369. 1980.
Frudinger A et al. Perineal examination as a predictor of underlying external anal sphincter damage. BJOG 104 (9): 979 September 1997.
Gardner J and D Fonda. Urinary incontinence in the elderly. Disability and Rehabilitation 16:3:140-8 1994.
Gartley CE et al. A population study of urinary incontinence and micturition among women aged 20-59 years. Prevalence well-being and wish for treatment. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Scandinavica. 76 (1) 74 Jan 1, 997
Gilpin SA et al. The pathogenesis of genitourinary prolapse and stress incontinence of urine. A histological and histochemical study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 96(1):15 January 1989.
Glezerman M et al. The setting-up of an ambulatory urologic gynecologic service: Management of patients and results. Eur J Obstet Gynec Reprod Biol 21: 125-133 1986.
Gordon H. and M. Logue. Perineal muscle function after childbirth. Lancet l23-25 July 20 1985.
Gosling J. The structure of the bladder and urethra in relation to function. Urologic Clin North America 6(1) :31-38 1979.
________ et al. A comparative study of the human external sphincter and periurethral levator ani muscles. Brit J Urol 53: 35-41 1981.
________ et al. Factors associated with rectal injury in spontaneous deliveries. Obstetrics and Gynecology 73 (1) May 1989.
Grimby G. and B. Saltin. The ageing muscle. Clin Physiol 3:209-218 1983.
Groutz A et al Incidence and obstetric risk factors of postpartum anal incontinence. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1999 Mar: 34(3):315-8.
Haademn K et al. Anal sphincter function after delivery rupture. Obstet Gynecol 70: 53-56 1989.
________________Long-term ailments due to anal sphincter rupture caused by delivery--a hidden problem. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1988 Jan;27(1):27-32
Haase P et al. Influence of operations for stress incontinence and/or genital descensus on sexual life. Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 67 (7) 1988.
Hall C. Faecal incontinence. J Assoc Chartered Physios Women’s Health 82: 5-6 February 1998.
Handa VL et al. Protecting the Pelvic Floor: Obstetric Management to Prevent Incontincnce and Pelvic Organ Prolapse. Obstet Gynecol. 88 (3) 470-478 Sep 1996.
____________ Protecting the pelvic floor: obstetric management to prevent incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse Obstetrics and Gynaecology 88 (3) September 1996.
Hanzal E et al. Lavator ani muscle morphology and recurrent genuine stress incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 81: 426 1993.
Harrison SM. Stress incontinence and the physiotherapist. Physiotherapy 69(5): 144147 1983.
Haslam J. The physical assessment of the pelvic floor. J Assoc Phyios in Women’s Health 77: 8-9 August 1995.
Haeusler G et al. Effect of spinal anaesthesia on the lower urinary tract in continent women. Br J O & G 105 (1): 103 January 1998.
Hauth JC et al. Early repair of an external sphincter ani muscle and rectal mucosal dehiscence. Obstet Gynecol 67 (6): 806-09 June 1986.
Haylen BT and MI Frazer. Is the investigation of most stress incontinence really necessary? Neurol Urodyn 6 (3):188-189 1987
Hay-Smith J, Herbison P, Morkved S. Physical therapies for prevention of urinary and faecal incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(2):CD003191.
Health Survey Questionnaire 1991. Market and Opinion Research International MORI 95 Southwark Street London SE1 OHX
Henalla SM et al. The effect of pelvic floor exercises in the treatment of genuine urinary stress incontinence in women at two hospitals. BJOG. 95:602-606 1988.
Henderson J. Effects of a prenatal teaching program on postpartum regeneration of the pubococcygeal muscle. JOGN 403-408. Nov/Dec 1983.
Hendrickson LS. The frequency of stress incontinence in women before and after the implementation of an exercise program. Issues in health Care of Women 3:81-92 1981.
Henry MM et al. The pelvic floor musculature in the descending perineum syndrome. Brit J Surg 69: 470-471 1982.
Herman Hollis. Urogenital dysfunction. in Wilder E. ed. Obstetric and Gynecology Physical Therapy. Clinics in Physical Therapy Vol 20. New York: Churchill Livingstone 1988.
Hilton P. Urinary incontinence during sexual intercourse: a common but rarely volunteered symptom. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 95: 377-81 1988.
_______Clinical algorithms: Urinary incontinence in women. Brit Med J 295:426 August 15 1987.
_______Urinary incontinence during sexual intercourse. Brit J Obstet Gynaec 95: 377-381 1988.
_______Mechanisms of urinary incontinence. Abstracts of First International Congress on the Pelvic Floor Cannes France 17-21.
HIP Pelvic Muscle Exercise Training Manual. 3rd Edition. P.O. Box 544 Union SC 29379.(803-579-7900)
Hirsch HA. Episiotomy and its complications. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 1997;201 Suppl 1:55-62.
Holmes D et al. Bladder neck electrical conductivity in the treatment of detrusor instability with biofeedback. Brit J Obstet Gynecol 96(7) July 1989.
_________ et al. Bladder neck electrical conductivity in female urinary urgency and urge incontinence. British J Obstet and Gynaecol 96 (7) July 1989.
Homsi R et al. Reviews: Episiotomy: Risks of dehiscence and recto-vaginal fistula. Obstet Gynecol Surv 49(12): 803 December 1994.
Hopkins MP et al. Radical Vulvectomy: The decision for incision. Cancer 72:3:799 1993.
Horbach NS and DR. Ostergard. Predicting intrinsic urethral sphincter dysfunction in woman with stress urinary incontinence. (Repr from Obstet Gynecol 1994; 84:188-192) Obstet Gynecol Surv 50 (4): 280 Apr 1995.
Hording V et al. Urinary incontinence in 45 year-old women. Scand J Urol Neph 20: 183-186.
Hordnes K.and P. Bergsjo. Severe lacerations after childbirth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 72(6): 413 Aug 1993.
House J et al. Episiotomy and the perineum: a random controlled trial. J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 7:107-110.
Hueston W J. Factors Associated With the Use of Episiotomy During Vaginal Delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 87 (6) 1001-1005 June 1996.
Hugosson C. Morphology of the pelvic floor. Lancet 337 (8737):367-369 Feb1991.
Huisman AB. Aspects of the anatomy of the female urethra with special relation to urinary incontinence. Contr Gynecol Obstet Karger; Basel 10: 1-31 1983.
Hulme J. Beyond Kegels. Missoula MT Phoenix Publishing 1997.
________Beyond Kegels Book II: A clinician’s guide to treatment algorithms and special populations. Missoula MT Phoenix Publishing 1998.
_________Geriatric incontinence: Behavioral and Exercise Treatment Guides Missoula MT Phoenix Publishing 1999.
Iosif S et al. The frequency of disorders of the lower urinary tract urinary incontinence in particularas evaluated by a quesionnaire survey in a gynecological health control population. Acta Obstet Gynecol 60: 71-76 1981.
__________Prevalence of genito-urinary symptoms in the late menopause. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 63: 257-260 1984.
Iffland C Marwood. Gynaecological aspects of vulval disease. Maternal and Child Health 21 (5):130 May 1996.
Jackson SL et al. Fecal Incontinence in women with urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Obstetrics and Gynecology 89 (3): 423 March 1997.
James E.D et al. Vaginal pressure: it's role in urodynamic studies and in re-educating pelvic floor muscles. Proc Int Cotinence Soc (Innsbruck) 1984.
Jamieson DJ Steege JF. The association of sexual abuse with pelvic pain complaints in primary care population. AJOG 177 (6) : 1408. December 1997
Jarvis GJ. The management of urinary incontinence due to primary vesical sensory urgency bybgladder drill. Br. J Urol 54:374-76 1982.
Jeffcoat TNA & Francis WJA. Urgency incontinence in the female. Am J Obstet Gynecol 94: 604 1966.
Jessel M et al. Electromyography of striated muscle of anal and urethral sphincters. New Developments in Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology 2: 406-420 1973.
Jeter K. Managing Incontinence—A Guide to Living with Loss of Bladder Control. Gartley C.B. (ed) Souvenir Press E&A Ltd. London 1988.
Jolleys JV et al. Reported prevalence of urinary incontinence in women in a general practice. Br Med J 296(6632):1300 7 May 1988.
_____________Urge incontinence. Mat Ch Health 20 (4):134 April 1995.
Jonasson A et al. Testing and training of the pelvic floor muscles after childbirth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 68(4): 301 1989 E.G et al. Treatment of urinary stress incontinence. Surg Gynecol Obstet 94: 179-88 1952.
________ Role of active exercise in pelvic muscle physiology. West J Surg Obstet Gynecol 58:1 1950.
Jones R. Muscles nerves and continence. J Assoc Chartered Physiotherapists Women’s Health.
Kamm MA. Review article: Obstetric damage and faecal incontinence. Lancet 344 (8924): 730 10 September 1994.
Karram M et al. Management of coexistence stress and urge urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynaecol 73 (1) 4 Jan 1989.
__________Transvaginal needle bladder neck suspension procedures for stress incontinence: a comprehensive review. Obstetrics and Gynecology 73 (2) May 1989.
_________e_t al. The Q-tip tests: standardization of the technique and its interpretation in women with urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynec 71 (6):807-811 June 1988.
__________Factors affecting detrusor contraction strength
during voiding in women. Obstetrics and Gynecology
90 (5) November 1997.
Kaschak-Newman D et al. The treatment of urinary incontinence in adults.Nurs Practit 14 (6):21 June 1989.
Kawimbe BM et al. Outlet obstruction constipation (anismus) managed by biofeedback. Gut 32:1175-1179 1991.
Keane DP. Analysis of collagen status in premenopause nulliparound women with genuine stress incontinence. BJOG 104 (9): 994 September 1997.
Kegel A. Stress incontinence of urine in women: physiologic treatment. J Int Coll Surgeons 25 487-99 1956.
________ Pathologic Physiology of the Pubococcygeus Muscle in Women Los Angeles 1956. Rental film/VHS video obtainable from OB-GYN Courses 448 Pleasant Lake Avenue Harwich MA 02645.
_________ Office treatment of general prolapse. Curr Med Dig July 1953.
_________ Stress incontinence and genital relaxation. CIBA Clinical Symposium 4 (2):355 Feb-March 1952.
__________Active exercise of the pubococcygeus muscle. Progress in Gynecology New York: Grune & Stratton 1950.
_________ Physiological treatment of urinary stress incontinence. JAMA 146(10):915 July 7 195l & J Urology 63(5):808-14 May 1950.
_________ Physiological treatment of poor tone and function in the genital muscles and of urinary stress incontinence. West J Surg Obstet Gynec November 1949 527-35.
__________Progressive resistive exercise in the functional restoration of perineal muscles. AJOG 56(2): 238-48 1948.
_________ Sexual functions of the pubococcygeus muscle. West J Surg Obstet Gynec 521-24 October 1952.
_________Early genital relaxation. Obstet Gynec 8 (5):545-550 September 1956.
_________ The non-surgical treatment of genital relaxation. Ann West Med Surg 2:213-216 1948.
Kelleher CJ et al. The impact of urinary incontinence on sexual function Neurourol Urodynam 11: 359-60 1992.
_____________ A new Questionnaire to assess the quality of life of
urinary incontinent women British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (104) 12: 1374 December 1997.
______________A medium term analysisof the subjective efficacy of treatment for women with detrusor instability and low bladder compliance. BJOG 104 (9): 988 September 1997.
Khullar V et al. Ultrasound: a noninvasive screening test for detrusor instability. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 103 (9) 904 September 1996
Kiffe S. ABC of colorectal diseases: faecal incontinence. Brit Med J 6855:702 September 1992.
________et al. Evidence of pudendal neuropathy in patients with perineal descent and chronic constipation. Gut 25: 1279-1282 1984
Kim J. The development and evaluation of an incontinence intervention program for the elderly women at elderly welfare center. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2004 Dec;34(8):1427-33. .
King JK Freeman RM. Is antenatal bladder neck mobility a risk factor for postpartum stress incontinence? Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998 Dec;105(12):1300-7
Klarskov P et al. Pelvic floor exercise versus surgery for female urinary stress incontinence. Urol International 41: 129-32.
Klein MC et al. Determinants of vaginal-perineal integrity and pelvic floor functioning in childbirth. AJOG 1997 Feb;176(2):403-10
____________ _Does episiotomy prevent perineal trauma and pelvic floor relaxation? Online J Curr Clin Trials 1992 Jul 1;Doc No 10
Kjolhede P et al. Anoectal manometry in women with urinary stress incontinenc. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Scandinavica 76 (3) 266 March 1997.
Klein MC et al. Determinants of vaginal-perineal integrity and pelvic floor functioning in childbirth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 166 (2) 403 February 1997.
______________Does episiotomy prevent perineal trauma and pelvic floor relaxation? Obstet Gynecol Surv 49(4): 238 April 1994.
____________et al. 2 Letters: Episiotomy results stand despite lack of compliance. Can Med Assoc J 153(12): 1708-1710 15 Dec 95.
Klovning A. Validity of a scored urological history in dettecting detrusor instability in female urinary incontinence. Acta Obstet et Gynecol Scand 75 (10):941 November 1996.
Knobel J. Stress incontinence in the black female. S Afr Med J 49:430-432 1975.
Koelbl H et al. Morphologic and functional aspects of pelvic floor muscles in patients with pelvic relaxation and genuine stress incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 74 (5):789-795 November 1989.
Kolcaba K, Dowd T, Winslow EH, Jacobson AF. Kegel exercises. Strengthening the weak pelvic floor muscles that cause urinary incontinence. Am J Nurs. 2000 Nov;100(11):59.
Korda A. Cooper M Hunter P. Coital urinary incontinence in an Australian population Asia Oceania J Obstetrics and Gynaecology 15 (4) : 313-15 1989.
Kralj B. Comparitive study of pad tests—reliability & repetitiveness. Neurol & Urodynamics. 8(4):305-306 1989.
Kuller JA et al. Letters to the Editor: Obstetric damage and faecal incontinence. Lancet 344 (8934): 1435 19 November 1994.
Kulseng-Hanssen S. Urethral pressure variations in women with neurourological symptoms.II: Relationship to urethral smooth muscle. Neurol Urodyn 6:79-85 1987.
Kuhn-Hastings J. Management of female incontinence with Kegel exercises. AAOHNJ 36 (2):78 Feb 1988.
Langer R. The effect of total abdominal hysterectomy on bladder function in asymptomatic women. Obstetrics and Gynecology 74 August 1989.
__________ The effect of large uterine fibroids on urinary bladder functions and symptoms. AJOG 163 (4) 1990.
Laycock J. Urinary incontinence: the role of physiotherapy. JACPOG 74:2-3 February 1994.
__________A clinical study of the pelvic floor muscles by perineometry. Neurol & Urodynamics 4: 390-391 1991.
__________A comparative study of factors influencing the pelvic floor musculature in incontinent and asymptomatic women. Neurol and Urodynamics 4: 391-393 1991.
__________Pelvic floor exercises using weighted vaginal cones in the treatment of urinary incontinence—the
author's experience. ACPOGJ 63 July 1988.
__________Graded exercises for the pelvic floor muscles in the treatment of urinary incontinence. Physiotherapy 73 (7):371-373 July 1987.
Pelvic floor assessment and re-education. Proceedings of the International Continence Society 99: 206-207 1989.
___________An update on the management of female urinary incontinence. J Assoc Chartered Physios in Women’s Health. 83: 3-5 August 1998
___________Female pelvic floor assessment: the Laycock ring of continence' Journal of the National Women's Health Group Australian Physiotherapy Association 13 October 40-51 1994.
Lazarus A. The Practice of Multi-Modal Therapy. McGraw-Hill: New York 1981.
Lekan-Rutledge D. Soft sculpture model for teaching pelvic muscle exercises. Semin Perinatol Aug; 20(4):263-76 1996.
Leriche AB. The role of retraining in urinary incontinence in women. J Urol (Paris) 1988;94(5-6):285-8
Lesaffer L. Pelvic support in constipation. Lancet 8639 March 25 1989.
Levitt E et al. Intravaginal pressure assessed by the Kegel perineometer. Arch Sex Behav 8:425 1979.
Lobel RW Sand PK The empty supine stress test as a predictor of intrinsic urethral sphincter dysfunction. Obstetrics and Gynaecology uol 88 (1) : 28 July 1996.
Logan K. Audit of advice provided on pelvic floor exercises. Prof Nurse. 2001 Jun;16(9):1369-72.
Logue G. Perineal muscle function after childbirth. Lancet II: 123-5 1985.
Longmore J. The evaluation of existing systems used to measure pelvic-floor muscle contractions. JACPOG 70: Winter 1991-2.
Low J. The unstable urethra in the female. Obstetrics and Gynecology 74 July 1989.
Macauley AJ et al. Micturition and the mind. Psychological factors in the aetiology and treatment of urinary symptoms in women. Brit Med J 294:595 March 7 1987.
MacLeod JH. Management of anal incontinence by biofeedback. Gastroenterology 93:291 -294. 1987
Madersbacher S et al. The aging lower urinary tract: a comparative urodynamic studyof men and women. Urol 51: 206-212 1998
Madoff RD et al. Fecal incontinence. NEJM 326 (15) April 1992.
Mahady I. Long term symptomatic and cystometric cure of the urge incontinence syndrome using a technique of bladder re-education. Br J Obstet Gynec 88:1038 October 1981.
Mahoney DT et al. Integral story and voiding reflexes: Neurophysiologic concept of continence and micturition. Urology (1): 95-107 January 1977.
_________________Integral storage and voiding reflexes Neurology 91 95-106 1977
Maizels M & Firlit CV. Pediatric urodynamics: a clinical comparison of surface versus needle pelvic floor/external sphincter electromyography. J Urology 122: 518-22 1979.
_______________ et al. The vesical sphincter electromyogram in children with normal and abnormal voiding patterns. J Urology 129: 92-95 1983.
Mallet V Frahm J. Abdominal and Pelvic floor muscle synergy in normal continent women. Proceeding from the American Urogynecology Society Annual Meeting Boston 1992.
Maly B.J. Rehabilitation principles in the care of gynecologic and obstetric patients. Arch Phys Med Rehab 6l February 1980.
Mandelstam D. ed. Incontinence and its Management. London: Croom Helm 1980.
_____________ The pelvic floor. Physiotherapy 64(8): 236 August 1978.
_____________ ed. Special techniques—strengthening pelvic floor muscles. Geriatric Nursing 251-54 Nov-Dec 1980.
_____________Regaining Bladder Control. 2nd ed. Lancaster UK: Clinical Press Ltd 1989.
Mantle J. and E. Versi. Physiotherapist for stress urinary incontinence: a national survey. British Medical Journal (302): 6779: 753 -55 30 March 1991.
__________English physiotherapeutic practice: stress incontinence. J Neuro & Urodynamics 8 (4): 352-353 1989.
Marcus MB. Don't rush the workouts if you're a new mother. US News World Rep. 2000 May 15;128(19):57.
Markwell S & Sapsford R. ? Physiotherapy management of obstructed defaecation The Assoc Chartered Physiotherapists OB-GYN J
Marshall K Thompson KA Walsh DM Baxter GD. Incidence of urinary incontinence and constipation during pregnancy and postpartum: survey of current findings at the Rotunda Lying-In Hospital. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998 Apr; 105 (4):400-2.
Mason L, et al. The instruction in pelvic floor exercises provided to women during pregnancy or following delivery. Midwifery. 2001 Mar;17(1):55-64.
__________ et al. Women's reluctance to seek help for stress incontinence during pregnancy and following childbirth. Midwifery. 2001 Sep;17(3):212-21.
Maude L. The treatment of incontinence by the Ipswich method. South Afr Soc Physio News 76:4-6 March 1987.
McCormick KA and Burgio KL. Incontinence: an update on nursing care measures. J Gerontol Nurs 10:l7-23 1984.
McDonald JS: Management of chronic pelvic pain.Obstetrics and Gynecol Clin of North Amer 20(4)817-838 1993.
McIntosh J. Research in reading into treatment of perineal trauma and late dyspareunia. JACPOG 62:17 1988.
McIntosh L J & Frahm JD. Pelvic floor rehabilitation in the treatment of incontinence. J Repro Med 38(9): 662 September 1993.
McHugh S Kersey K Diamont NE. Biofeedback training for fecal incontinence. Outcome according to physiological parameter. Gastroenterology 94 1988.
McClish D.K et al. Bladder training in older women with urinary incontinence: relationships between outcome and changes in urodynamic observations. Obstetrics and Gynecology 77 (2):281 1991.
McGuire E. Stress incontinence: new alternatives. International Journal of Fertility 42 (2) 156 1996.
__________ Urethral sphincter mechanism. Urologic Clin North America 6(1): 39-49 1979.
Biofeedback in treatment of urinary incontinence in stroke patients. Biofeedback and Self-regulation.;14(1):3-19. 1989.
Mellier G Delille MA. Urinary disorders during pregnancy and post-partum Rev Fr Gynecol Obstet 1990 Oct: 85(10):525-8.
Meyer S Schreyer A De Grandi P Hohlfeld P The effects of birth on urinary continence mechanisms and other pelvic-floor characteristics Obstet Gynecol 1998 Oct;92(4 Pt 1):613-8.1998;9(5):257-64.
__________et al. Pelvic floor education after vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2001 May;97(5 Pt 1):673-7.
Millard RJ. Management of incontinence: a urological approach. Aust Fam Phys 18 (8): 958-963 August 1989.
Milne JS Williamson J and Maule MM (1972). 'Urinary symptoms in older people'. Modem Geriatrics 2 198-212.
Mohr M. Stress urinary incontinence: a simple practical approach to diagnosis and treatment. Am J Ger Soc 31: 476 1983.
Moore R et al. Crouching over the toilet seat: prevalence among British gynaecological outpatients and its effect upon micturition. Br J Obstet Gyec 98: 568-572 June 1991.
__________Crouching over the toilet seat: prevalence and effect upon micturition. J Neur and Urodynamics 8 (4): 422-424 1989.
Mørkved S & K Bø. The effect of postnatal exercises to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles. Acta Obstet et Gynecol Scand 75 (4):382 April 1996.
_________et al The effect of postpartum pelvic floor muscle exercise in the prevention and treatment of urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 1997;8(4):217-22.
_________et al. Effect of postpartum pelvic floor muscle training in prevention and treatment of urinary incontinence: a one-year follow up. BJOG. 2000 Aug;107(8):1022-8.
Mouritsen L et al. Long term effect of pelvic floor exercise on female urinary incontinence. Br J Urol 68:32-37 1991.
Mullen PJ. Faecal urge incontinence caused by exercise. Brit Med J 6859: 956 17 October 1992.
Nager CW et al. Management of pelvic floor dysfunction. The Lancet 350 (909): 1751 13 December 1997
Netter FH: Atlas of Human Anatomy (Sth Ed). New Jersey:CIBA-GEIGY Corporation 1992.
Neurobiology of incontinence (editorial). Lancet 8671: 10078 4 November 1989.
Nichols DH. & PS. Milley. Functional pelvic anatomy: the soft tissue supports and spaces of the female pelvic organs. In The Human Vagina Reprod Med 2:21-37 1978.
Nielsen CA et al. Trainability of the pelvic floor. Acta Obstet Gynsecol Scand 67: 437-440 1988.
Noble E. The female pelvic floor: Review and commentary. J OBIGYN PT. 1993; 17:3:12-13.
Norton KRW. Psychiatric aspects of urinary incontinence in women attending an outpatient urodynamic clinic. Br Med J 300 (2746): 271 4 August 1990.
Norton P et al. Distress associated with female urinary complaints and delay in seeking treatment. Neurology & Urodynamics 6 (3): 170-172.
_________ & Baker JE. Postural changes can reduce leakage in women with stress incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 84(5): 770 Nov 1994.
_________Urinary Incontinence. Clin Obstets Gynecol 33(2) 1990.
_________The effects of urinary incontinence on women. Int Rehab Med. 4:9-14 1982.
_________Genitourinary prolapse and joint hypermobility in women. Obstet Gynecol 85 (2): 225 February 1995.
Norwood M. Detrusor Instability and its treatment. J of Chartered Society of Physiotherapy 76 (8) Aug 1990.
Nursing Times Supplement: Continence. 92 (41) 9 October 1996.
Nygaard IE et al. Anal incontinence after anal sphincter disruption: a 30 year retrospective cohort study. Obstet Gynecol 89 (5) : 896 May 1997
__________Does prolonged high-impact activity contribute to later urinary incontinence'? A retrospective cohort
study of female olympians. Obstetrics and Gynecology 90 (5) November 1997
__________Efficacy of pelvic floor muscle exercises in women with stress urge and mixed urinary incontinence American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 174 (1) part I January 1996.
__________Relationship between foot flexibility and urinary incontinence in nulliparous varsity athletes. Obstetrics and Gynaecology 87(6) 149 June 1996.
__________Nonoperative management of urinary incontinence. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 1996 Oct;8(5):347-50.
Okada N Igawa Y Ogawa A and Nishizawa 0 (1998) 'Transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the thigh muscles in the treatment of detrusor overactivity' British Journal of Urology 81 560-564.
O'Leary J et al. The complete episiotomy: analysis of l223 complete lacerations sphincterotomies and episoproctomies. Obstet Gynecol 25:2 February 1965.
Olsen AL et al. Epidemiology of surgically managed pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 89 (4) 501 April 1997.
Paavonen J. Vulvodynia a complex syndrome of vulvar pain. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 74 (4): 243 April 1995.
Palmer M. Urinary Incontinence.Thorofare NJ: Slack 1985.
Palmer P. Incontinence function dysfunction and investigation. Physiotherapy 69:105 1983.
Palmer MH Pelvic muscle rehabilitation: where do we go from here? J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 1997 Mar: 24(2):98-105
Paradis H Marganoff H. Rectal pain of extrarectal Origin. Dis Colon Rectum 12:306-312 1969.
Parks A.G et al. Sphincter denervation in anorectal incontinence and rectal prolapse Gut 18: 656-65 1977.
_________Anorectal incontinence. Proc Roy Soc Med 68: 681 1975.
Parsons C. The importance of a healthy pelvic floor. Modern Midwife 7 (1): 10 January 1997.
___________ Damage to the pelvic floor: causes prevention and treatment Modern Midwife I (2) 14 February 1998
Parys BT et al. Vesico-urethral dysfunction after simple hysterectomy. J Neurol Urodynamics 8(4): 315-316 1989.
Peacock LM et al. Clinical features of urinary incontinence and uro-genital prolapse in a black inner-city population. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171 (6): 164 December 1994.
Peattie AB et al. Vaginal cones: a conservative method of treating genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaec 95:1049 October 1988.
_________ The Stamey operation for correction of genuine stress incontinence in the elderly woman. British J of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 96 (8) August 1989.
Pedersen AB et al. Menstrual differences due to vegetarian and nonvegetarian diets. Am J Clin Nutr 53 (4):879-885 April 1991.
Peet SM et al. Prevalence of urinary and faecal incontinence in hospitals and residential and nursing homes for older people. BMJ 311 (7012):1063 October 1995.
Pelvic Floor Saga—so what's new? The Assoc Chartered Physiotherapists OB-GYN J 61 July 1987.
Percy J et al. Electrophysiological study of motor nerve supply of the pelvic floor. Lancet 1:16 1981.
Perkins J. Vaginal weights for assessment and training of the pelvic floor. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 1998 Jul;25(4):206-16.
Perry JD. Treating urinary and fecal incontinence. JOGPT December 1987.
The Perry Proctol for the treatment of Incontinence. JOGPT December 1987.
_________et al. EMG force relationships in skeletal muscle. Critical Rev Biomedical Engineering December 12 198l.
_________et al. The role of home trainers in Kegel's exercise program for the treatment of incontinence. Ostomy/Wound Management. 30 Sept/Oct 1990.
_________ EMG biofeedback treatment of incontinence. California Biofeedback. 7(9): 18-19 Summer 1988.
_________ Pelvic muscle strength of female ejaculators: evidence in support of a new theory of orgasm. J Sex Research 17: 22-39 198l.
Peschers U et al. Changes in vesical neck mobility following vaginal delivery. Obstetrics and Gynecology 88 (6): 1001 December 1996.
______________Levator ani functions before and after childbirth. BJOG 104 (9): 1004 September 1997.
Petersen I. EMG study of behavior of sphincter and related muscle during orgasm and ejaculation. New Developments in Electromyography Clin Neurophysiol 2: 439-446 1973.
Petros P et al. Tests for "detrusor instability" in women. These mainly measure the urethral resistance created by pelvic floor contraction acting against a premature activation of the micturition reflex. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 72(8): 661 November 1993.
___________ Urge incontinence history is an accurate predictor of urge incontinence. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 71: 539 1992.
Plevnik S. New methods for testing and strengthening the pelvic floor muscles. Proc International Continenence Soc (London) 267-278 1985.
Premkumar G. Perineal trauma: reducing associated postnatal maternal morbidity. RCM Midwives. 2005 Jan;8(1):30-2. Review. Rasmussen KL et al. Obesity as a predictor of postpartum urinary symptoms. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Apr;76(4):359-62. 1997.
Reilly ET, Freeman RM, Waterfield MR, Waterfield AE, Steggles P, Pedlar F. Prevention of postpartum stress incontinence in primigravidae with increased bladder neck mobility: a randomised controlled trial of antenatal pelvic floor exercises. BJOG. 2002 Jan;109(1):68-76.
Reynolds JL. Reducing the frequency of episiotomies through a continuous quality improvement program. Can Med Assoc J 153 (3) 275-282 1 Aug 1995.
Richardson DA. Conservative Management of Urinary Incontinence: A Symnposium. J Repro Med 38(9) Sep 1993.
Rockner G et al. The effect of mediolateral episiotomy at delivery on pelvic floor muscle strength evaluated with vaginal cones. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 70: 51 1991..
Rooks VJ et al. The surgical anatomy of needle bladder neck suspension Obstetrics Gynecol 87 (1) January 1996.
Rozensky. RH. et al. Managing Incontinence—A Guide to Living with Loss of Bladder Control. Souvenir Press E &A Ltd. London 1988..
Renfrew MJ et al. Practices that minimize trauma to the genital tract in childbirth: a systematic review of the literature. Birth 25(3) September 1998.
Resnick NM Urinary incontinence. Lancet 346(8968): 94 July 1995.
Rud T. The striated pelvic floor muscles and their importance in maintaining urinary continence. Prog Clin Biol Res 78: l05-112 198l.
_________et al. Factors maintaining the intraurethral pressure in women. Invest Urol 17:343-347 1980.
Samples J.T et al. The dynamic characteristics of the circumvaginal muscles. JOGNN 17(3): 194-201 1988.
Sampselle C.M. & J.O. DeLancey. The urine stream interruption test and pelvic muscle function. Nursing Research 41(2) Mar/Apr 1982.
___________Changes in pelvic muscle strength and stress urinary incontinence associated with childbirth. J Obstet Gynecol Neonat Nurs 19: 371 1990.
Sampselle CM et al. Effect of pelvic muscle exercise on transient incontinence during pregnancy and after birth.Obstet Gynecol. 1998 Mar;91(3):406-12.
Samsio G. Medical and surgical strategies for treating urogynaecological disorders. Intern J Fertility 42 (2) 1996
Sand P et al. The effect of retropublic urethropexy on detrusor stability. Obstet Gynecol 71: 818 1988.
Santiesteban AJ et al. Pelvic floor strength: runners vs. non-runners. Physical Therapy May 1982.
Schach R. Urinary stress incontinence. S. Afr Med J 46:845 1972.
Schaefer E. Childhood Encopresis and Enuresis: Causes and Therapy. New York: Van Nostrand Rheinhold 1979.
Schmidt R. Urethral syndrome or urinary tract infection? Urol 18:24 1981.
Schuessler B et al. Epidural anesthesia and avoidance of postpartum stress urinary incontinence. Lancet 1(8588):762 2 April 1988.
___________& Laycock J Norton P: Pelvic Floor Re-education: Principles and Practice. New:York NY:Springer-Verlag 1994.
Scott JC. Stress incontinence in nulliparous women. J Reprod Med 2:96-97 1969.
Scowen P. Childbirth and continence: Professional Care of Mother and Child 6 (4):91 April 1996.
________ Childbirth and continence: 2. Professional Care of Mother and Child 6 (5): 119 May 1996.
Schmidt R et al. Urethral syndrome or urinary tract infection? Urol 18:24 1981.
Sharif K et al. Routine six-week postnatal vaginal examination: to do or not to do? J of Obstet and Gynecol 13 (4): 251 July 1993.
Shepherd A and E. Montgomery. Treatment of genuine stress incontinence with a new perineometer. Physiotherapy 69(4): 113 April 1983.
____________ A pilot study of a pelvic exerciser in women with stress incontinence. AJOG 3:201-221983.
____________ Management of urinary incontinence: prevention or cure? Physiotherapy 69: 109 1983.
____________ Urinary incontinence and the pelvic floor. McKenna J. ed. Obstetrics and Gynecology: International Perspectives in Physical Therapy. Ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone 1988.
Shipman MK et al. Antenatal perineal massage and subsequent perineal outcomes: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol Jul;104(7):787-791 1997
Shull B. A six year experience with paravaginal defect repair for stress urinary incontinence. AJOG 160 Jun1989.
Sleep J. West Berks perineal management trial 3 year follow up. Brit Med J 295:749 September 26 1987.
Perineal management.: A midwifery skill under threat. Midwife Health Vis and Comm Nurse 23 (10):455 October 1987.
Smith AR Valancogne G Jacquemet JM. The value and results of perineal-sphincteral rehabilitation in uro-gynecology (French) Revue Francaise de Gynecologie et d’Obstetrique. 85(10):529-34 Oct 1990.
Smith ARB. Urinary incontinence. Midwife Health Visit Comm Nurse 23 (11): 182 Nov 1987.
___________et al. The role of partial denervation of the pelvic floor in the aetiology of genitourinary prolapse and stress incontinence of urine. A neurophysiological study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 96(1): 21 January 1989.
___________Perineal nerve damage in genuine stress urinary incontinence: An electrophysiological study. Br J Urology 57 422-426 1985.
___________The role of pudendal nerve damage in the aetiology of genuine stress incontinence in women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 96(1):29 January 1989.
Smith P. Age changes in the female urethra. Br J Urol 44:67-676 1972.
Snooks SJ. Faecal incontinence due to external anal sphincter division in childbirth is associated with damage to the innervation of the pelvic floor musculature: a double pathology. Brit J Obstet Gynae 92: 824-28 August 1985.
_________et al. Injury to innervation of pelvic sphincter musculature in childbirth. Lancet ii:546-550 1981.
_________Risk factors in childbirth causing damage to the pelvic floor innervation. Br. J Surg 72:Suppl. 515-7 1985.
Snow RE Neubert AG. Peripartum pubic symphysis separation: A case series and review of the literature Obstetrics and Gynecology 90 (5) 438 November 1997
Sondre S et al.. Pad controlled results of pelvic floor physiotherapy in female stress incontinence. Proceedings: Third Joint Meeting. The Intemational Continence Society. Boston. MA. 1988:233-235.
Spence-Jones C et al. Bowel dysfunction: a pathogenic factor in uterovaginal prolapse and urinary stress incontinence. Brit J Obstet Gynecol 101(2): 147 February 1994.
Stanton S, S. Plevnik and A. Peattie. Cones: a conservative method of treating genuine stress incontinence. Proc Internationall Continence Soc (Boston) 227-229 1986.
____________ Stress incontinence: why & how operations work. Urologic Clin N Am 12 (2) :279-284 May 1985.
Staskin D et al. The pathophysiology of stress incontinence. Urologic Clin N America 12(2): 21-278 1985.
Stoddard G. Research project into the effects of pelvic floor exercise on genuine stress incontinence. Physiotherapy 69(5): 148 May 1983.
Stein M. Biofeedback for the treatment of stress and urge incontinence. Journal of Urol (153) 641-643 1995.
Stone C. Urinary dysfunction—an osteopath’s approach. J Assoc Chartered Pysios in Women’s Health 83: 26-28 August 1998.
Stower MJ et al. Urethral closure in management of urinary incontinence. Urology 35(5): 246 5 Nov1989.
Strohbehn K Ellis JH Strohbehn JA DeLancey JOL. Magnetic resonance imaging of the levator ani with anatomic correlation Obstetrics and Gynecology (87) 2 :277 February 1996.
Subak, L et al. The effect of behavioral therapy on urinary incontinence; a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol, 100: 72-78. July 2002..
Sugar E. Bladder control through biofeedback. Am J Nursing 1151-1154 1983.
Sultan AH et al. Faecal incontenence after childbirth. BJOG 104 (9): 979 September 1997.
Summit RL Ling FW. Urethral syndrome presenting as chronic pelvic pain. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol Suppl.;12:77-86 1991.
Sutherst JR. Sexual dysfunction and urinary incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 86: 387 8 1979.
Swash M. Faecal incontinence. Brit Med J 307(6905): 636 11 September 1993.
__________Letters to the Editor: The pelvic floor and incontinence. Lancet 344(8932); 1301 5 November 1994.
__________et al. Unifying concepts of pelvic floor disorders and incontinence. J. Royal Society Med 78: 906-11 1985.
Taher AL-HI et al. Vaginal pressure as an index of intra-abdominal pressure during urodynamic evaluation. Br J Urol 59: 529-5311987.
Tahzib F An initiative on vesico-caginal fistula. Lancet i: 1316-1317 1989.
Tancer ML et al. Rectovaginal fistula or perineal and anal sphincter disruption or both after vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol Surg. 46(1): 213 1991.
Tapp AJ.S et al. Who benefits from physiotherapy? Neurourolog and Urodynamics 7:260-61 1988.
_ Randomised study comparing pelvic floor physiotherapy with the Burch colposuspension. J Neurourology and Urodynamics 8 (4): 356-257 1989.
Taylor T et al. Effects of biofeedback on simple stress urinary incontinence in older women. J Geron Nurs 1986.
_____________Effect of hysterectomy on bowel function. Br Med J 299: 300-301 1989.
Tchou DCH et al. Pelvic floor muscular exercises in treatment of anatomical urinary stress incontinence. Physical Therapy 68: 652-655 1988.
Teichman JM et al. Terminal nerve distribution to the urethra and bladder neck: considerations in the management of stress urinary incontinence. J Urol 158(3 Pt 1):827-829 Sep 1997.
Tetzschner L et al. Anal and urinary incontinence in women with obstetric anal sphincter rupture British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (103) 10 October 1996.
____________ et al. Pudendal nerve damage increases the risk of fecal incontinence in women with anal sphincter rupture after childbirth.
Thacker R et al. Bladder bowel and sexual functions after hysterectomy for benign conditions. BJOG 104 (9): 983 September 1997.
Thiede HA Thiede FK A glance at the urodynamic database J Reprod Medicine Oct 35: 10: 925-31 1990.
Tetzschner T Sorensen M Lose G Christiansen Anal and urinary incontinence in women with obstetric anal sphincter rupture. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996 Oct;103(10):1034-40
Thom DH Brown JS Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for urinary incontinence in later life: a review of the clinical and epidemiologic literature. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998 Nov;46(11):1411-7
Thomas IL et al. Postpartum hemorrhoids-evaluation of a cooling device (anurex) for relief of symptoms. Med J. Austr 159(7):459-460 4 October 1993.
Thomas TM et al. Prevalence of urinary incontinence. Br Med J 281: 1243-1245 1980.
____________ Prevalence of faecal and double incontinence. Community Medicine 6:216-20 1984.
Toglia MR et al. Review: Anal incontinence and the obstetrician-gynecologist. Obstet Gynecol 84(4): 731 October 1994.
Toozs-Hobson P Anders K. Physiotherapy for the incontinent women. Mat Child Health (21) 8:198 August 1996.
_______________Management of vaginal vault prolapse. Br J O & G 105 (1): 13 January 1998.
Tranter L. Common psycho-social aspects of incontinence. . J Assoc Chartered Physios in Women’s Health 78:19-21 February 1996.
Travell JG Simons DG. Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual. Vol 2 The Lower Extremities. Baltimore MD:Williams & Wilkins 1992.
Tries J. Kegel exercises enhanced by biofeedback. J Enterostom Ther 17: 67-76 Mar/April 1990.
_____------ Kegel exercises enhanced by biofeedback. Journal of Enterstomal Therapy17(2):67-76 1990.
Tschou DCH et al. Pelvic floor musculature exercises in treatment of anatomical urinary stress incontinence. J Appl Physiol 58:619-624 1985.
Turner M et al. Letters: Rates of episiotomy. Brit Med J 310 (6980): 668 11 March 1995.
____________ & Marinoff SC. Pudendal Neuralgia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 165: 1233-1236 1991.
Ufelde H. Disorders of pelvic supporting structures. Gynecology and Obstetrics: The Health Care of Women. New York: Mc-Graw Hill 1975.
Umlauf MG, Mathis JA Urinary incontinence among primiparous women. Urol Nurs 1995 Dec;15(4):112-6
Unsworth J. Stress Incontinence: treatment us in pelvic floor re-education. Br J Nurs 4(6):323.324 Mar12 1995.
Valancogne G Galaup JP. Rehabilitation during pregnancy and in the postpartum. Rev Fr Gynecol Obstet 1993 Oct: 88(10):498-508
____________ Jacquemet JM The value and results of perineal-sphincteral rehabilitation in
uro-gynecology. Rev Fr Gynecol Obstet 1990 Oct: 85(10):529-34
Vernon S, Bleakley SA successful bladder retraining programme. Nursing Times 93 (38): 50 17 September 1997
Versi E et al. Evaluation of the home pad test in the investigation of female urinary incontinence. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (103) 2:162 February 1996.
Viktrup L. And G. Lose. Epidural anesthesia during labor and stress incontinence after delivery. Obstet Gynecol 82(6): 984 December 1993.
Wall LL Norton PA DeLancey JO. Practical Urogynecology. Baltimore MD: Williams & Wilkins1993.
________Destrusor instability associated with menstruation Case Report. BJOG 96(6) June 1989.
______ Diagnosis and management of urinary incontinence due to detrusor instability. Obstet and Gynecol Survey 4 (1): Supplement 199l.
______ Evaluating the outcome of surgery for pelvic organ prolapse, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 178 (5) 877 (May 1998)
Wallace K: Female pelvic floor functions dysfunctions and behavioral approaches to treatment. Clinics in Sports Med. 13(2):459-480 1994.
Wallace L. Psychological aspects of physical illness.: chronic pelvic pain. Nursing Times 23 (49):45 Dec16 1987.
Wells M. Stress incontinence and pelvic floor exercises. Urol Nurs Mar;14(1): 26-27 1994.
Williams KS et al. Disseminating research evidence. A controlled trial in continence care Journal of Advanced Nursing. 25 (4) 691 April 1997.
Walter S et al. Urinary incontinence in women treated with colposuspension Ugeskr Laeger 144: 1921 1975.
Wasserman IF. Puborectalis syndrome. Dis Colon rectum. 7:87-98. 1964
Weinberger MW Ostergard DR. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, pelvic pain and irritable bowel syndrome in primary care practices. Obstetrics and Gynecology (87)1:55 January 1996.
Wexner SD et al. Prospective assessment of biofeedback for the treatment of paradoxical puborectalis contraction. Dis Col Rectum 35 (2):145-150 Feb 1992.
Wharton L.aThe nonoperative treatment of stress incontinence in women. J Urol 69:511 1953.
__________et al. Biofeedback treatment of fecal incontinence in geriatric patients. J Am Geriat Soc 33:32-324 1985.
__________Anorectal physiology and pathophysiology. Am J GastroEnterol 82(6):487-497 1987.
Willis J. Use it or Lose It. Nurs Times 9: 93 (15) :70. April 1997
Wilson PD et al. Obstetric practice and the prevalence of urinary incontinence three months after delivery. BritishJournal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (103) 2: 154-161 February 1996
____________ An objective assessment of physiotherapy for female genuine stress incontinence. Brit J Obset Gynaecol 94(6):575-582 June 1987.
____________ et al. A randomized controlled trial of pelvic floor muscle exercises to treat postnatal urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 1998;9(5):257-64.
_____________A randomized controlled trial of pelvic floor muscle exercises to treat postnatal urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9(5):257-64
Wiskind AK et al. One hundred unstable bladders. Obstet Gynecol 83(1): 108 January 1994.
Wolin JH. Stress incontinence in young healthy nulliparous female subjcts. J Urol 101:545-549 1969.
Woolley RJ. Benefits and risks of episiotomy: a review of the English-language literature since 1980. Obstet Gynecol Surv; 50:806-820 821-835. 1995.
Worth AM et al. Development & testing of the circumvaginal muscles rating scale. Nurs Res 35(3):166 May-June 1986.
Wright J. Female genital mutilation: an overview. Journal of Advanced Nursing 23(6): 251 June 1996.
Wyman JF et al. Psychosocial impact of urinary incompetence in women. Obstet Gynecol 70(3) part 1:378 September 1987.
Wynne JM et al. Disturbed anal sphincter function following vaginal delivery. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey 52 (2): 95 February 1997.
Zacharin RF. Pelvic Floor Anatomy and the Surgery of Pulsion Enterocoele. New York: Springer-Verlag 1985.
_________ A Chinese anatomy-the pelvic supporting tissues of Chinese and occidental women compared and contrasted. Aust NZ Obstet Gynaec l7:1 February 1977 or Obstet Gynecol Vol 55:135-40 1980.
_________Pulsion enterocele: review of functional anatomy of the pelvic floor. Obstet Gynec 55(2):135 February 1980.
Zivkovic F et al. Long-term effects of vaginal dissection on the inner vation of the striated urethral sphincter Obstetrics and Gynecology 87(1) 257 January 1996.