Prenatal & Postpartum Exercise Bibliography
Elizabeth Noble

Abraham S, Taylor A, Conti J.Postnatal depression, eating, exercise, and vomiting before and during pregnancy. Int J Eat Disord. 2001 May;29(4):482-7.

Alderman BW et al. Maternal physical activity in pregnancy and infant size for gestational age. Ann Epidemiol 1998 Nov; 8 (8):513-9 .

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ACOG committee opinion. Exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Number 267, January 2002. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002 Apr;77(1):79-81.

 Exercise and Pregnancy. ACOG Technical Bulletin #189, 1994.Exercise during pregnancy and the postnatal period ?technical bulletin on exercise in pregnancy. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists. 1985.

American College of Sports Medicine: Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription, 3rd edition. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1986.

Alzugaray M.American AquaNatal. A midwifery-based holistic prenatal water exercise and educational program. Midwifery Today Int Midwife. 2001 Fall;(59):25-6.

Anderson RA et al. Pregnancy Stretches. Palmer Lake, CO: Stretching Inc., 1981.

Appel C. Prenatal/postpartum exercise. J OB/GYN PT 15: 7, December 1991.

Artal, R. Artal R, O'Toole M. Guidelines of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists for exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period.

Br J Sports Med. 2003 Feb;37(1):6-12;

____________et al.Pregnancy and Exercise. New York: Delacorte, 1992.

____________Exercise prescription in pregnancy: Weight-bearing versus non-weight bearing exercise. American                                             Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 161(6):1464-1469, Dec 89.

____________ Pulmonary responses to exercise in pregnancy. AJOG 154(2):378, l986.
____________Pulmonary responses to exercise in pregnancy. AJOG 1986; 154:378-383.

____________Fetal heart rate responses to maternal exercise. AJOG 155:729-733, 1986.

____________Exercise in Pregnancy. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, l991.
____________Fetal bradycardia induced by maternal exercise. Lancet II 258-269, l984.

____________Maternal exercise: cardiovascular & metabolic responses in normal pregnancy. AJOG l40:123, l98l.

____________Exercise prescription in pregnancy: weight-bearing versus non-weight-bearing exercise. Am J        Obstet Gynecol. 16 (6) part 1:1474, December 1989.

____________Exercise in pregnancy: Maternal cardiovascular and metabolic responses in normal pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 140:123-127, 1981.

Aune DL. Exercising during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2003 Jul-Aug;32(4):435.

Avery MD, Walker AJ. Acute effect of exercise on blood glucose and insulin levels in women with gestational diabetes. J Matern Fetal Med. 2001 Feb;10(1):52-8.

Baddeley, S et al. Physical education in the pregnant woman: the way forward. Midwives Chron 105(1253):144,Jun 1992.

Bader, RA et al. Hemodynamics at rest and during exercise in normal pregnancy as studied by cardiac catherization. J Clin Invest 34:1524-1536, 1955.

Barnes, DL et al. Women's physical activity and pregnancy outcome ? a longitudinal analysis from the Philippines. Int J Epidemio 20 (1):162-172, Mar 1991.

Basmajian, JV. Muscles Alive: Their Functions Revealed by Electromyography. 3rd Ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, l990.

Bath, M and K Schneider. Exercising ante-natally. J National O & G group of APA. 1(3), Sep1982.

Beckmann CRB Beckmann, C.A. Effect of a structured antepartum exercise program on pregnancy & labor outcome

in primiparas. Reprod Med, 1990; 35:704-709.

Beilock SL, Feltz DL, Pivarnik JM. Training patterns of athletes during pregnancy and postpartum. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2001 Mar;72(1):39-46.

Bell, RJ et al. The effect of vigorous exercise during pregnancy on birth-weight. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynecol

35(1):46-51, Feb 95

___________& M. O'Neill. Exercise and Pregnancy: A Review. Birth 21(2): 85-95, June 1994.

___________Antenatal exercise and birthweight. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2000 Feb;40(1):70-3.

___________The effects of vigorous exercise during pregnancy on birth weight. J Sci Med Sport. 2002 Mar;5(1):32-6.

Beller, JM et al. Effect of an aerobic endurance exercise program on maternal and fetal heart rate during the second

and third trimesters. (abstr.) Med. Sci Sports Exerc 19 (suppl):S5, 1987.

Bergmann A, Zygmunt M, Clapp JF 3rd. Running throughout pregnancy: effect on placental villous vascular volume and cell proliferation. Placenta. 2004 Sep-Oct;25(8-9):694-8.

Berkowitz, GS et al. Physical activity & the risk of spontaneous preterm delivery. J Reprod Med 28(9):58l-588, Sep l983.

Bewley S. Domestic Violence and pregnancy. Br. J Obstet Gynaecol 4 (5): 445 April 1997

Bibring, GL & AF Valenstein. Psychological aspects of pregnancy. Obstet & Gynecol l9(2):357, l976.

Bing, E. Moving Through Pregnancy. New York: Bantam, 1975.

Blackburn, MW. and DH. Calloway. Basal metabolic rate and work energy expenditure of mature, pregnant women. J Dietetic Assoc 69:24, July l976.

Blackburn, MW et al. Heart rate & energy expenditure of pregnant & lactating women. Am J Clin Nutr 42:1161, l985.

Blankfeld, A. Is exercise necessary for the obstetric patient? Med J Aust 1:l63-65, l967.

Blum JW, Beaudoin CM, Caton-Lemos L. Physical activity patterns and maternal well-being in postpartum women. Matern Child Health J. 2004 Sep;8(3):163-9.

Boardley, DJ. et al. The relationship between diet, activity, and other factors, and postpartum weight change by race. Obstet Gynecol 86(5): 834-838, Nov 95.

Boehnke, WW et al. Investigation of the teratogenic effects of exercise on pregnancy outcome in mice. Teratogenics, Carcinog Mutagen 7(4):391-7, l987.

Boissonnault, J.S. & M.J. Blaschak. Incidence of diastasis recti abdominus during the childbearing year. Phys Ther 68:1082-1086, 1988.

Bolton, ME. Scuba diving and fetal well-being: a survey of 208 women. Undersea Biomedical
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7(3) l83-89, September l980.

Bonen, A.et al. Substrate and endocrine responses during exercise at selected stages of pregnancy. J Appl Physiol 73:134-142, 1992.

Booth, D et al. Assessment of abdominal muscle exercises in nonpregnant, pregnant and postpartum subjects using electromyography. Aust J. Physio 26:177, l980.

Boscaglia N, Skouteris H, Wertheim EH. Changes in body image satisfaction during pregnancy: a comparison of high exercising and low exercising women. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003 Feb;43(1):41-5.

Brenner I et al. Controlled prospective study of aerobic conditioning effects on pregnancy outcome, 1991; 23 (suppl):Sl69 (abst).

____________Physical conditioning effects on fetal heart rate responses to graded maternal exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999 Jun;31(6):792-9

Briend, A. Maternal physical activity, birth weight and perinatal mortality. Medical Hypotheses 6:ll57-70, l980.

Brown W. The benefits of physical activity during pregnancy. J Sci Med Sport. 2002 Mar;5(1):37-45.
Bruser, M. Sporting activities during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 32(5): 721-725, l968.
Brusseau, P. Movement design for postnatal women. Midwife Health Visit, Comm Nurse 24 (1):18, Jan/Feb l988.

Bullard, JA Exercise and pregnancy. Can Fam Physician 27:977, l98l.

Bung P, Artal R. Gestational diabetes and exercise: a survey. Semin Perinatol 1996 Aug;20(4):328-33.

____________.et al. Exercise in Gestational diabetes: an optional therapeutic approach. Diabetes, 1991;40 (suppl 2):182-185.

____________Gestational diabetes and exercise: a survey. Semin Perinatol 1996 Aug;20(4):328-33.

____________Maternal and fetal heart rate patterns: a pregnant athlete during training and laboratory exercise tests; a case report. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Biology. 39(1):59-62, 1991 Mar 21.

Bungum TJ, Peaslee DL, Jackson AW, Perez MA. Exercise during pregnancy and type of delivery in nulliparae. Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2000 May-Jun;29(3):258-64.

Burnett, C.W.F. The value of antenatal exercises. J Obstet Gynaec Brit Empire 63:40, l956.
Burt, C. Peripheral skin temperature in normal pregnancy. Lancet,
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Butte NF. Dieting and exercise in overweight, lactating women. N Engl J Med. 2000 Feb 17;342(7):502-3.

Cahill HA. Male appropriation and medicalization of childbirth: an historical analysis. J Adv Nurs. 2001 Feb;33(3):334-42.

Campbell MK, Mottola MF. Recreational exercise and occupational activity during pregnancy and birth weight: a case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Feb;184(3):403-8.

Campion, Mukti Jain. The Baby Challenge: A Handbook on Pregnancy for Women with a Physical Disability. New York: Routledge, 1992.
Capeless, EL,et al. Cardiovascular changes in early phase of pregnancy. AJOG.
161 (6): 1449, December 1989.

Carpenter, MW et al. Fetal heart rate response to maternal exertion. JAMA, 1988; 259:3006-3009.

____________Effect of maternal weight gain during pregnancy on exercise performance. J Appl Physiol 68:1173-1176, 1990.

Cary GB, Quinn TJ.        Exercise and lactation: are they compatible? Can J Appl Physiol. 2001 Feb;26(1):55-75.
Chamberlain, G. ABC of antenatal care ?the changing body in pregnancy. Br. Med J. 302(6778)
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____________ ABC of antenatal care ?work in pregnancy. Br. Med J. 302(6784) 1070-1073, 4 May 1991.

____________ After office hours: effect of work during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 65: 747-750,1985.

Chandler, KD et al. Effects of maternal exercise on fetal and maternal respiration and nutrient metabolism in the pregnant ewe. J Developmental Physiol, 1981.

Clapp JF 3rd. Neonatal behavioral profile of the offspring of women who continued to exercise regularly throughout pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999 Jan;180(1 Pt 1):91-4.

____________Exercising Through Your Pregnancy. Omaha, NE; Addicus,, 2002.

____________Beginning regular exercise in early pregnancy: effect on fetoplacental growth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Dec;183(6):1484-8.

____________Portal vein blood flow-effects of pregnancy, gravity, and exercise. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Jul;183(1):167-72.

____________Exercise during pregnancy. A clinical update. Clin Sports Med. 2000 Apr;19(2):273-86.

____________Morphometric and neurodevelopmental outcome at age five years of the offspring of women who continued to exercise regularly throughout pregnancy. J Pediatr 1996 Dec;129(6):856-63.

____________The one-year morphometric and neurodevelopmental outcome of the offspring of women who continued to exercise regularly throughout pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998 Mar;178(3):594-9.

____________Neonatal morphometrics following endurance exercise during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1990: 163:1805-1811.

____________The changing glycemic response to exercise during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1991; 165:1678-1683.

____________The VO2 of recreational athletes before & after pregnancy. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1991; 23:1128-1133.

____________Endurance exercise and pregnancy outcome. Med Science Sports Exerc, 1984; 16:556-562.

____________The fetal heart rate response to sustained recreational exercise. Am J Obstet Gynecol, (in press).

____________Effect of early pregnancy on the rate of glucose appearance at basal rest and during sustained exercise. Trans Soc Gynecol Invest, 1992: abst #39.

____________The effect of recreational exercise on serum levels of estradiol-178 and progesterone throughout gestation. Trans Soc Gynecol Invest, 1992:abst #440.

____________Effect of recreational exercise on early placental growth. Trans Soc Gynecol Invest, 1992: abst #537.

____________Exercise in Pregnancy. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1992; 24 (suppl): S294-S300.

____________The changing thermal response to exercise during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol, December 1991: 165: (6):1684-89.

____________Thermoregulatory and metabolic responses to jogging prior to and during pregnancy. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1987; 19:124-130.

____________Exercise and fetal health. J Dev Physiol, 1991; 15:9-14.

____________Exercise in pregnancy: a brief clinical review. Fetal Med Rev, 1990; 2: 89-101.

____________Oxygen consumption during treadmill exercise before, during and after pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1989; 161:1458-1464.

____________The changing thermal response to endurance exercise during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1991; 165:1684-1689.

____________The course and outcome of labor following endurance exercise during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1990; 163 (6): 1799-1805.

____________The effects of exercise on uterine blood flow, in Rosenfeld, C.R. (ed): The Uterine Circulation. Ithaca: Perinatology Press, 1989, pp 299-310.

____________The effect of regular maternal exercise on erythropoietin in cord blood and amniotic fluid. Am J Obstet Gynecol 172(5):1445-1451, May 95.

____________The effects of maternal exercise on early pregnancy outcome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 161(6):1453-1457, Dec 89.

 ____________Maternal physiological adaptations to early human pregnancy. Am J. Obstet Gynecol 159: 1456-1460, 1988.

____________Endurance exercise and pregnancy outcome. Med Sci Sports Exerc l6(6): 556-562, l984.

____________Acute exercise stress in the pregnancy ewe. AJOG l36:489, l980.
____________Exercise in Pregnancy - Good, Bad, or Indifferent? C/0 James F. Clapp, MD, Dept. OB-GYN,

                        MetroHealth Medical Center, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109.

____________Fetal heart rate response to running in mid-pregnancy and late pregnancy. AJOG 153:251, l985.

____________Hyperthermia: a prospective evaluation of a possible teratogenic agent in man. J Pediatr, 1979; 95:81-84.

____________Position change and central hemodynamic profile during normal third-trimester pregnancy and postpartum. Am J Obstet Gynecol 164(3): 883-887, Mar1991.

____________Pregnancy and Childbirth. Physical Fitness Research Digest 8 (3): l8-19, l978.
____________Physical activity during menstruation and pregnancy. Physical Fitness Research Digest 8 (3),

                        l978.

____________Carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged exercise: effects on metabolism and performance. Exerc Sport Sci Rev, 1991; 19:1-40.

____________Intense exercise during the first two trimesters of unapparent pregnancy. Phys Sportsmed, 1989; 17:87-94.

____________Continuing regular exercise during pregnancy: effect of exercise volume on fetoplacental growth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Jan;186(1):142-7.

Cliff D, Deery R Too much like school: social class, age, marital status and attendance/non‑attendance at antenatal classes. Midwifery 13:3; 53 September 1997.

Cohen J. The prenatal water workout. Midwifery Today Int Midwife. 2000 Summer;(54):29.

Cohn, HE et al. Fetal cardiovscular responses to asphyxia induced by decreased uterine perfusion. J. Dev Physio 7:289-297, 1985.

 

Collings, C et al. Maternal & fetal responses to a maternal aerobic exercise program. AJOG l45:702, Mar 15, l983.

____________Fetal heart rate response to maternal exercise. AJOG 151:498, l985.

____________Maternal and fetal responses to a maternal aerobic exercise program. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1983; 146:702-707.

Collins, M. An innovation ?teaching aqua-natal exercises. ACPOG Journal, July l988.
Connelly, J. and S. Freyder. Exercising while pregnant: listerature review. J Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy 10 (9):358, March l989.

Cooper, KA et al. Fetal heart rate and maternal cardiovascular and catecholamine responses to dynamic exercise. Aust NZ J Med 23:100, 1993.

Curet, L et al. Effect of exercise on cardiac output and distribution of uterine blood flow in pregnant ewes. J Appl Physiol 40:725, l976.

Currie J, Boxer E, Devlin E. Pramwalking as postnatal exercise and support: an evaluation of the Stroll Your Way To Well-Being program and supporting resources in terms of individual participation rates and community group formation.

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Dale, B,et al. Exercise during pregnancy: effects on the fetus. Can J Appl Sport Sci 7(2):98, l982.
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­­­­­­­­­­­__________Exercise during pregnancy: effects on the fetus. Canadian J Appl Sports Sci, 1982; 7: 98-102.

Danforth, DN. Pregnancy and Labor from the vantage point of the physical therapist. Am J Physl Med 46 (1):653, l967.

Davies B, Bailey DM, Budgett R, Sanderson DC, Griffin D.Intensive training during a twin pregnancy. A case report. Int J Sports Med. 1999 Aug;20(6):415-8.

Davies GA, Wolfe LA, Mottola MF, MacKinnon C. Joint SOGC/CSEP clinical practice guideline: exercise in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Can J Appl Physiol. 2003 Jun;28(3):330-41.

__________Exercise in pregnancy and the postpartum period. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2003 Jun;25(6):516-29

__________Exercise in pregnancy.

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Dean, J. Pregnancy and exercise: How much and what kind? In this the experts agree more research is needed. Sportwest l:30-33, December l98l.

De Cree C. Safety guidelines for exercise during pregnancy. Lancet 1998 Jun 20;351(9119):1889-90 Comment on: Lancet 1998 Apr 18;351(9110):1182

DeLyser, F. Jane Fonda's Workout Book for Pregnancy, Birth and Recovery. New York: Simon and Schuster (rev ed.), l989.

Devine CM, Bove CF, Olson CM. Continuity and change in women's weight orientations and lifestyle practices through pregnancy and the postpartum period: the influence of life course trajectories and transitional events.Soc Sci Med. 2000 Feb;50(4):567-82.

Dewey, KG et al. A randomized study of the effects of aerobic exercise by lactating women on breast-milk volume and composition. N Engl J Med 330(7): 449-453, 17 Feb. 94. 

Dibblee, L, Graham, T.E. A longitudinal study of changes inaerobic fitness, body composition and energy intake in primigravid patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1983; 147:908-914.

Diddle, AW. Interrelationship of pregnancy and athletic performance. J Tennessee Med Assoc 46(1): 653-58, l967.

Doyne, EJ.et al. Running versus weight-lifting in the treatment of depression. J. Consulting & Clin Psychol, l987; 55: 748-754.

Dressendorfer, RH. Physical training during pregnancy. Phys Sports Med 6: 74-80, February l978.

____________Fetal heart rate responses to maternal exercise testing. Phys Sports Med 8: 9l-96, l980.

____________Physical training during pregnancy and lactation. Phys Sportsmed, 1978; 6: 74-80.
Drinkwater, BL. Heat tolerance of female distance runners. Ann NY Acad Sci,
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Dumas GA, Reid JG, Wolfe LA, Griffin MP, McGrath MJ. Exercise, posture, and back pain during pregnancy. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 1995 Mar;10(2):98-103.

Durak, E.P.,et al. Comparative evaluation of uterine response to exercise on five aerobic machines. Am J Obstet Gynecol 162:754-756, 1990.

____________In search of a safe exercise as potential treatment for gestational diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 21 (2):S34. Abstract, 1989.

____________Physical and gylecemic responses of women with gestational diabetes to a moderately intense exercise program. Diabetes Educ. 16: 309=312, 1990..

Dustman, RE et al. Aerobic exercise training and improved neuropsychological function of older individuals. Neurobiol of Aging, l984; 5: 35-42.

Dye TD, Oldenettel D. Physical activity and the risk of preterm labor: an epidemiological review and synthesis of recent literature. Semin Perinatol 1996 Aug;20(4):334-9.

_______________et al. Physical activity, obesity, and diabetes in pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 1997 Dec 1;146(11):961-5

Edwards, MJ et al. Hyperthermia as a teratogen. Teratol Carcinog Mutagen, 1986; 6: 563-582.

____________Accelerated respiratory response to moderate exercise in late pregnancy.Respiratory Physiology 45: 229-4l, l98l.

Edwards, P.et al. Fitness and pregnancy:a roundtable discussion. Can J Pub Health 74: Mar/Apr, l983.

____________Fitness and pregnancy ?a report on three pilot work-shops for health professionals. Canadian Public Health Association, l98l-82, May 28, l982.

Ellington, C.et al. The effect of lateral tilt on maternal and fetal hemodynamic variables. Obstet Gynecol 77 (2): 201-203, February 1991.

Emerson, K.Jr.,et al. Caloric cost of normal pregnancy. ObstetGynecol 40(6):786, December l972.
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Epstein, JA.et al. Treatment of low back pain and sciatica syndromes during pregnancy. N Y State J Med 1757, May l959.

Erdelyi, GJ. Gynecological survey of female athletes. SportsMed Phys Fitness 1962;2:174-179.
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____________et al. Flow velocity waveforms in uterine and umbilical arteries during submaximal bicycle exercise in normal pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol, 1992; 79: 611-615.

____________et al. Heart volume and physical fitness of parturients. Ann Clin Res 8:15-21, 1976.

____________Flow velocity waveforms in uterine and umbilical arteries during submaximal bicycle exercise in normal pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 79:611-615, 1992.

____________The influence of physical training during pregnancy on physical work capacity and circulatory parameters. Scand J ClinLab Invest 36(8):747, l976.

____________The physical fitness of Finnish primigravidae. Ann Chirugiae et Gynecologiciae Fenniae 64:394, l975.

____________The physical work capacity of the expectant mother and its effect on pregnancy, labor and the newborn. Int J Gynecol Obstet l4:l53, l976.

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Ezmerli NM. Exercise in pregnancy. Prim. Care Update Ob Gyns. 2000 Nov 1;7(6):260-265.

Evenson KR, Savitz DA, Huston SL.Leisure-time physical activity among pregnant women in the US. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2004 Nov;18(6):400-7.

Fall CH. Non-industrialised countries and affluence. Br Med Bull. 2001;60:33-50.

Fauramo, I et al. Stress hormones and placental steroids in physical exercise during pregnancy. Brit J Obstet Gynaecol 89:92l-5, November, l982.

Fawcett, J. The relationship between identification and patterns of change in spouses' body images during and after pregnancy. Int J Nurs Stud l4: l99, l977.

Field-Zimmer, KL. and JE. Miles. Dietary intakes of pregnant women. J Canadian Dietetic Association 4l(4):300-08, October l980.

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Fletcher, Gillian. Get into Shape After Childbirth. UK: Ebury Press.
Flint, M.M. and J. Gudgell. Abdominal muscle involvement during the performance of various forms of sit-up exercise. Am J Phys Med 44:224, l965.

____________An electromyographic study of abdominal muscle activity during exercise. Research Quarterly 36:1, l964.

Florack, E et al. Occupational physical activity and the occurrence of spontaneous abortion. Int J Epidemiol 22(5): 878-884, October 1993.

Floyd, W. and PHS. Silver. An electromyographic study of patterns of activity of the anterior abdominal wall muscles in man. J Anat 84:l32-45, l950.

Frahm, Jane, et al. Physical Therapy management of the high-risk antepartum patient. Part 2. The multidisciplinary team concept and the PT/OT relationship. Clinical Management 9(6): 47-49, 1989.

____________Physical therapy management of the high-risk antepartum patient. Part 3 Physical and occupational therapy treatment objectives and program. Clinical Management 9(6): 28-33, 1989.

Franklin BA et al. Exercise and fitness. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 17:832. 1990.

Fransman-Van Sante, T. Strengthening of the abdominal muscles for the patient with a diastasis recti. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Fysiotherapie 1 94: 93, l984.

Fraser, D. Postpartum backache--a preventable condition. Canadian Family Physician 22, l976.

Friedman EH. Exercise and don't smoke. J Pediatr. 2000 Apr;136(4):564.
Friesen, R. Pre-pregnancy care--a logical extension of prenatal care. Canadian Med Assoc J l03, September, l970.

Gabbe SG. Reproductive hazards of the American lifestyle. Work during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol

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Galloway, Barbara. Women's running, in Galloway's Book of Running. Bolinas, CA: Shelter, l984.

Garcia-Patterson A, Martin E, Ubeda J, Maria MA, de Leiva A, Corcoy R. Evaluation of light exercise in the treatment of gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001 Nov;24(11):2006-7.
Gasmararian JA et al. Prevalence of violence against pregnant women. JAMA
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Gendel, E. Pregnancy, fitness and sports. J AMA 201(10):125-128, 19--.

George, G.,et al. Exercise before during and after pregnancy. Topics Clin Nurs 3(2):33, l98l.

____________Exercise before, during and after pregnancy. Topics Clin Nurs, July 1981, 33-39.
Gloag, D. Exercise, fitness, and health. Brit Med J. 6850:377, 15 August 1992.
Goodlin, R.C.,et al. Maternal exercise. Clin Sports Med 3:881, l984.

Goodwin A, Astbury J, McMeeken J. Body image and psychological well-being in pregnancy. A comparison of exercisers and non-exercisers. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2000 Nov;40(4):442-7.
Gorski, J. Exercise during pregnancy-maternal and fetal responses: a brief review. AJOG 149(5):560, 1984.

Graham, TE. Effect of menstrual cycle on metabolic responses to exercise. J Appl Physiol, 1983; 55: 1506-1513.

Grimby, G. Renal clearances during prolonged supine exercise at different loads. J Appl Physiol, 1965; 20: 1294-1298.

Greydanus DE, Patel DR. The female athlete. Before and beyond puberty. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2002 Jun;49(3):553-80, vi.

Guzman, CA & R. Caplan, Cardiorespiratory response to exercise during pregnancy. AJOG l08:600, l970.

Hackett et al. The effect of exercise on uteroplacental doppler wave forms in normal and complicated pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol, 1992; 79: 919-923.

Hale, RW. Exercise and pregnancy: How each effects the other.Postgrad Med 1:82(3) 61-3, September l987.

 ___________Women and exercise. Proceedings of third annual meeting of ACOG, Washington, DC, May 15, l985.

____________Women and sports: keeping up with female atheletes' needs. Contemp OB-GYN l3:85-95, April l979.

___________ Milne L The elite athlete and exercise in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 1996 Aug;20(4):277-84

Hall, DC, DA. Kaufmann. Effects of aerobic and strength conditioning on pregnancy outcomes. AJOG l57 (5):1199, l987.

Hanson, KA. Exercise and pregnancy. SWIM Magazine May-June, !2-15, 1989

Haman, J. Exercise in dysmennorhea. AJOG 49:255-6l, June l945.

Harvey MA. Pelvic floor exercises during and after pregnancy: a systematic review of their role in preventing pelvic floor dysfunction. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2003 Jun;25(6):487-98

Hatch M et al. Maternal leisure-time exercise and timely delivery. Am J Public Health 1998 Oct;88(10):1528-33

____________Maternal exercise during pregnancy, physical fitness and fetal growth. Am J Epidemiol 37: 1105-

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Hauth, JC et al. Fetal heart rate reactivity before and after maternal jogging during the third trimester. AJOG l42:545, l982.

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Heffernan AE. Exercise and pregnancy in primary care. Nurse Pract. 2000 Mar;25(3):42, 49, 53-6 passim.

Henriksen, TB et al. Standing and walking at work and birthweight. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 74(7): 509-516, Aug 95.

____________Standing at work and preterm delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 102(3):198-206, Mar 95.

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Higdon, H. Running through pregnancy. The Runner, December l98l.

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